The Value of a Denarius in the Roman Empire: Wages and Purchasing Power
The denarius was a key currency in the economy of the Roman Empire, used for several centuries from its introduction in 211 BC until approximately the 3rd century AD. Its value and purchasing power were fundamental to understanding daily life, wages, and the economy of that time. Below, we explore how much a denarius was worth, common wages, and what could be purchased with this coin.
The Denarius and Its Intrinsic Value
The denarius was a silver coin weighing approximately 3.9 grams in its early years. Its purity decreased over time due to inflation and monetary reforms, but during the height of the Empire, it maintained a significant amount of silver, making it a stable and reliable currency.
Wages in the Roman Empire
Wages varied significantly depending on the profession, skills, and social status of workers. Below is a breakdown of approximate earnings for different occupations:
- Roman Soldiers: 225 to 300 denarii per year, depending on rank and bonuses.
- Agricultural Workers: 1 denarius per day, plus food.
- Slaves and Laborers: 0.5 to 1 denarius daily.
- Teachers: 15 to 20 denarii per student per month.
- Doctors: 5 to 10 denarii per consultation.
- Carpenters: 1 to 2 denarii per day.
- Masons: 2 denarii per day.
- Potters: 0.5 to 1 denarius per piece.
- Bakers: 1 denarius daily.
What Could Be Bought with a Denarius?
Basic Goods:
The denarius allowed access to basic necessities such as food and household products. Here's an overview of what a single coin could buy:
- Bread: 8 to 12 loaves.
- Wine: 0.25 to 0.5 denarii per jug.
- Olive Oil: 6 to 8 liters.
- Meat: 0.5 to 1 denarius per kilogram.
- Fish: 0.5 to 1.5 denarii per kilogram.
- Fruits: Several dozen figs, apples, or grapes.
More Expensive Goods and Properties:
For larger purchases, such as livestock, property, or slaves, multiple denarii were required. These items were often symbols of wealth and social status:
- Horse: 500 to 1,500 denarii.
- Modest House: 12,000 to 15,000 denarii.
- Slave: 500 to 2,000 denarii.
- Hired Servant: 30 to 50 denarii per month, plus lodging and food.
Entertainment and Services
Beyond basic needs, Romans also spent their money on entertainment and personal services. Here are examples of typical expenses for leisure and services:
- Entry to a Show: Free, but 1 denarius for food and drinks.
- Barber or Hairdresser: Less than 1 denarius.
- Public Baths: 0.25 denarii.
- Messengers: 2 to 5 denarii, depending on distance.
Conclusion
A denarius in the Roman Empire represented a day's wage for many and provided access to essential goods and services. From a baker to a soldier on the frontier, this coin was central to Roman life. Its purchasing power also highlights how the economy was structured and access to durable goods such as property and livestock.
Understanding its value offers a fascinating glimpse into the ancient world and the economy of one of history's most influential civilizations.
Would you like to explore more about the Roman economy or compare coins from other eras with the denarius? Numistats can help!